 13. Population & Migration
Reading I
A. Match the following words with their correct meanings.
a. populous - v. having a large population: densely populated
b. mortality - vii. the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time
c. projection - iii. an estimation of what figures will be in the future
d. demographic - ii. relating to the population and different groups within it
e. peak ix. to reach the highest point or value
f. stabilization - iv. the process of making somebody/something unlikely to change
g. trajectory - i. a path followed by something
h. surpass - vi. to be greater than something; exceed
i. disparate - viii. completely dissimilar
B. Complete the following sentences with the correct information from the text.
a. The highest population growth rate in the past hundred years was 2.1 percent.
b. Population growth rate is likely to reach below 1 percent by mid-twenty-first century.
c. The factors that determine the growth rate of the world population are fertility and mortality.
d. In the early 2020s, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia had the largest population.
e. The population of the sub-Saharan region is likely to reach above 2 billion by the end of the 2040s.
f. The low level of fertility will cause a fall in population size of Europe and Northern America by the late 2030s.
g. India is likely to exceed the population of China by 2023.
C. Answer these questions.
a. What was the size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century?
Answer: The size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century was 5 billion.
b. What was the fastest population growth rate in the past century?
Answer: The fastest population growth rate in the past century was around 2.1 percent per year.
c. Why has the population growth rate declined in recent years?
Answer: The population growth rate has declined in recent years primarily due to reduced levels of fertility.
d. What is the predicted world population size by 2050?
Answer: The predicted world population size by 2050 is 9.7 billion.
e. How do fertility and mortality contribute to the size of the population?
Answer: Fertility and mortality are the two most important factors that contribute to the size of a population. Fertility refers to the number of births that occur within a population, while mortality refers to the number of deaths. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population will grow in size, and when the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the population will decrease in size. Therefore, fertility and mortality rates are crucial in determining the growth or decline of a population.
f. Which countries contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia?
Answer: China and India contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, with each having more than 1.4 billion people in 2022.
g. Why will population regions have a different population variation in the next 30 years?
Answer: Population regions will have different population variations in the next 30 years due to factors such as varying fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and government policies related to population control.
h. Which countries are most likely to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050?
Answer: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania are most likely to to contribute to the growth of world population by 2050.
D. Do you think the world population will increase as projected in the text? Discuss.
Answer: The world population projection is subject to uncertainty and can be influenced by various factors. While it is estimated to double by 2050, actual population growth may deviate from these projections due to changing conditions and factors such as fertility rates, healthcare advancements, and societal norms.
Grammar
A. Match the sentence halves and make meaningful sentences.
a. We continued the match - iv. though it was raining heavily.
b. Dolma was selected for the post - vii. even though she had no prior experience for the job.
c. Christina attended the class - viii. despite teh fact that she was not feeling well.
d. I often leave home quite early - i. however, I always reach my office on time.
e. Chintamani never participates in social functions - despite looking very sociable.
f. It was snowing heavily ii. yet it was not too cold.
g. He did not give up smoking ix. in spite of the warnings of the doctor.
h. I have never been to Bandipur - iv. though it is not far from my home.
i. We were lost in the town - although we had the map of the town with us.
Writing I
Study the graph and chart below and write an interpretation of each of them.
a. Nepali Student Migration
The given bar graph represents the migration of Nepali students over a ten-year period, from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019.
In the academic year 2009/2010, there were 26,948 Nepali students who migrated for educational purposes. The following year, in 2010/2011, the number dropped significantly
to 11,912. However, the number of Nepali student migrants gradually increased in the subsequent years.
From 2011/2012 to 2012/2013, there was a slight decrease in migration, with 10,258 and 16,499 students respectively. However, in 2013/2014, there was a notable increase to 28,126 students. This upward trend continued in the next academic years, with 30,696 students in 2014/2015 and 37,037 students in 2015/2016.
The highest increase in student migration occurred from 2015/2016 to 2016/2017, where the number jumped to 50,659 students. This spike indicates a significant rise in the number of Nepali students seeking educational opportunities abroad. The trend continued to rise in the following years, reaching 58,758 students in 2017/2018 and 63,259 students in 2018/2019.
Overall, the diagram suggests that more Nepali students are choosing to study abroad, indicating a growing interest in international education and the pursuit of opportunities beyond their home country.
b. Distribution of Population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in Terms of Languages (Based on the population census of 2011.
The pie chart represents the distribution of the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in terms of different languages, based on the population census of 2011. It provides valuable insights into the linguistic diversity of the region.
Nepali emerges as the most widelv spoken language. with a significant population of 597.570 speakers. This indicates the dominant position of Nepali within Kathmandu
Metropolitan. Newari follows as the second most commonly spoken language, with 185,330 speakers, showcasing its importance in the region.
Tamang and Maithili also have notable speaker populations, with 54,109 and 27,521 respectively, further highlighting the linguistic diversity. Additionally, Hindi and Bhojpuri have substantial populations of 17,608 and 15,621 speakers respectively, likely due to cultural and historical connections between Nepal and India. The data indicates that 44,239 people in Kathmandu Metropolitan speak languages categorized as "Others."
Overall, the chart suggests that while Nepali is the dominant language, there is a rich linguistic diversity within the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan. The presence of various languages reflects the cultural and ethnic diversity of the region.
Discovering Migration: What Birds Reveal
Reading II
B. Complete sentences (a-f) with their correct endings (i-vii).
Answer
a. In the past, people had the misconception that birds hid underground or changed into some other birds.
b. To supply themselves with energy, some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.
c. When the weather is favorable in spring, birds fly back to their habitats.
d. As a sign of partial migration, some birds choose to fly during the night.
e. To wait for a favorable weather, birds fly in large groups.
f. For better flying conditions, birds fly rapidly like the marathon players.
C. Answer these questions.
a. What is incredible about the migration of birds?
Answer: The incredible thing about the migration of birds is their ability to travel long distances, often across continents, to reach their breeding or wintering grounds.
b. What things do birds consider while flying to their destinations?
Answer: Birds consider factors like weather conditions, availability of food and water, and the presence of predators while flying to their destinations.
c. Which animals other than the birds migrate to new places?
Answer: Other animals that migrate to new places include certain species of fish, mammals (such as whales and caribou), and insects (such as monarch butterflies).
d. What do scoters dive underwater for?
Answer: Scoters dive underwater to search for and feed on their primary food source, which includes small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans.
e. Which birds travel up and down instead of going north to south?
Answer: Some birds, such as altitudinal migrants, travel up and down mountains or between different elevations instead of following a strictly north to south migration pattern.
f. What is partial migration of birds?
Answer: Partial migration refers to a situation where only a portion of a bird population migrates, while the rest of the population remains in their breeding or wintering grounds throughout the year.
g. Why can sea terns not stay long in water?
Answer: Sea terns cannot stay long in water because their bodies are not adapted for prolonged underwater activities. They are primarily aerial birds and depend on flying for hunting, feeding, and other activities. Their feathers are not fully waterproof, which limits their ability to stay in water for extended periods.
h. How do birds feed themselves during their journeys?
Answer: Birds feed themselves during their journeys by making frequent stops along their migration route to find food sources such as insects, seeds, fruits, and other small organisms. They.may also rely on stored fat reserves that they accumulated prior to migration to sustain them during long flights between feeding locations.
i. What are the signs of birds flying in the night sky?
Answer: The signs of birds flying in the night sky include the formation of large flocks or V-shaped patterns as they migrate, the calls and sounds they make during flight, and their silhouettes against the moon or stars. Some birds, particularly nocturnal migrants, may also emit distinctive flight calls that can be heard during the night.
D. You might have seen or heard of animals migrating to new places. What could be the reasons for animals to migrate? Discuss.
Grammar II
A. Complete the sentences below with the correct alternatives from the brackets.
a. Even though we have different ideologies, we have similar ideologies), we are intimate friends.
b. Despite our hard efforts, we could not establish a hospital in the village.
c. Even though the film was very popular, it was a commercial failure.
d. I enjoyed all the luxuries of life despite the fact that I grew up in a remote village.
e. I watched a late night movie. However, I didn't feel sleepy in the morning class.
f. Even though scientists have made lots of research there is no evidence of life on mars.
g. Even though my efforts, I can't ever score excellent marks in the exam.
h. My room was burgled yet I had locked it securely before going out.
i. I called Siddhartha several times but he did not respond.
j. Even though we had not invited them they did not come to the party.
B. Join the following pairs of sentences with the connectives given in the brackets.
a. I was really exhausted,. Although I could not sleep well.
b. She did not meet the requirements; In spite of that, She was shortlisted for the job.
c. Even though the pay was quite low, I decided to work for the company.
d. We lost the match, yet we had prepared for the match really well.
e. Despite having badly injured her hand, Dipisha completed her assignment.
f. However, Kripa exercises every day, she is gaining weight.
g. Barcelona won the match; nevertheless, they were limited to ten players.
h. While I love to watch cricket on TV, my brother loves to watch football.
i. In spite of not having gone to bed until midnight, he woke up early in the morning.
j. Although he had not played well, he was selected for the school team.
Writing II
Write an essay on 'The Impacts of Migration'
Migration has profound and far-reaching impacts on individuals, communities, and nations. This phenomenon has been a constant throughout human history, driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, and environmental changes. While the effects of migration are multifaceted, they can be broadly categorized into social, economic, and cultural dimensions.
Firstly, migration significantly influences the social fabric of both sending and receiving countries. In sending countries, the departure of individuals can lead to a loss of human capital, particularly if skilled workers leave in search of better opportunities abroad. This brain drain can hinder development efforts. Conversely, in receiving countries, migration can contribute to demographic changes and cultural diversity, enriching societies but also presenting integration challenges.
Economically, migration can have positive and negative impacts. Migrants often fill labor gaps in receiving countries, contributing to economic growth. However, if not properly managed, they may also strain social services and infrastructure. Remittances sent by migrants to their home countries can be a vital source of income, helping to alleviate poverty and support development.
Culturally, migration fosters cultural exchange and diversity. It brings together people from different backgrounds, promoting tolerance and understanding. However, it can also
lead to cultural tensions and conflicts if not managed inclusively.
In conclusion, migration is a complex phenomenon with wide-ranging consequences. Its impacts depend on various factors, including the scale, nature, and management of migration. To maximize the benefits and minimize the challenges, policymakers must adopt comprehensive and inclusive approaches to address the social, economic, and cultural dimensions of migration.
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